Monitor Lifting Straps for Rigging Safety

It's important everyone involved in rigging is trained on safety procedures. You need to understand the limits of your lifting straps. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.

If you are involved in any rigging in your current position, then you must understand how important it is to follow proper safety techniques. Rigging heavy items can be extremely dangerous if not done properly. It's often a good idea to train people directly and indirectly involved in the rigging process for the safety of the entire crew. Everyone should be trained on the limitations of equipment and lifting straps. You will want to ensure that the equipment does not become strained or compromised in any way.

Before you begin doing any rigging job, you will need to confirm that the load does not exceed the rated capacity. You should be conscious of the center of gravity to prevent your equipment from turning over. Be sure that everyone around you is aware of your intentions and where the load is expected to go. When possible, try to clear the area of other personnel. You can also communicate to others with hand signals as long as everyone is clear as to their meanings. While you are moving the load, avoid sharp objects or anything that could compromise your lifting straps. Some more details of petroleum courses in Islamabad  are as under.

When making overhead lifts, make sure everyone in the area wears hard hats. Lift the load very slowly. This will help prevent jarring items in your load and throwing the balance off. You may need to adjust the lifting strip as necessary to accommodate the load. Another important tip is to never leave your load unattended. You need to keep it in sight at all times. Leaving a load unattended can create a workplace hazard. Be sure to review these safety tips with other workers on a regular basis to ensure that everyone on the team is aware. It's important to hold people accountable if they do not follow safety guidelines. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.

Offshore Operations

Offshore petroleum operations emerged in the 20th century and brought new dimensions of challenge and excitement to oil exploration and production. When a structure taller than a lOO-story building is launched from a barge, or when a small city is built and placed offshore in 2 years, those involved deserve their feelings of pride and accomplishment. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.

In nearly every corner of the globe, thousands of offshore installations with payloads from 5 to 50,000 tons are producing gas and oil today in water depths from 10 to 1,000 ft. Although subjected to winds and waves up to hurricane intensity, earthquakes, sheet ice, severe tides and currents, or shifting foundations, surprisingly few structures have succumbed to the environment despite the difficulty in predicting environmental forces, equipment failure, or reservoir behavior.

This chapter can only scratch the surface of offshore operations; detailed procedures for design and construction of structures, equipment, and facilities would require volumes. Furthermore, such volumes would be obsolete before they were published. Because there is no concise reference or set of references, this chapter describes the fundamentals of standard practice in several disciplines and offers guidance for the selection of appropriate offshore codes of practice and technical references. Some more details of petroleum courses in islamabad  are as under.

The industry has constructed 26 sand and gravel islands for exploratory drilling in water depths to 100 ft. Several caisson-retaining systems have been implemented to speed construction and to reduce the fill requirements for the islands. Beyond 100 ft, drillships have been used, but they operate only during the ice-free summer, a floating conical drilling unit was deployed in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. The unit is capable of resisting early winter ice loads, hence extending the drilling season to 6 months a year.

At the current time, at least four major Arctic marine projects are in the planning phases: the Arctic Pilot Project in the Canadian Arctic Islands, the Arctic Marine Hydrocarbon Production Project in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, the Endicott Development nearshore U.S. Beaufort Sea, and the Hibernia Development off the east coast of Canada. Permanent production platforms, subsea pipelines, icebreaking tankers, supply vessels, and evacuation systems are a few of the facilities being developed. In summary, though the offshore industry has come a long way since the wooden pier days of Summerland, the technological requirements have barely been addressed. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.

Procedure for Typical Measuring, Sampling, and Testing

The procedure given here is the API method currently in effect for running a field tank of crude oil. Since there are many variables that would alter this method, this procedure is applicable on/~) under specific conditions. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.   The tank is vertical, no pressurized, fixed roof with side outlets, and it is to be gauged by the innate method. The oil is less than 100 seconds at 100°F (Saybolt universal viscosity) and is a liquid at atmospheric temperature and pressure.

 A cup case thermometer is used to read temperature of the oil in the tank.. A thief is used to obtain fluid samples from the tank.. The API gravity scale hydrometer test method is used to determine the API gravity of the oil; the temperature of the oil has to be near 60°F (* 5°F).. The water and sediment in the oil is to be determined by the centrifuge method with a 203-mm [8-in.] cone-shaped tube. Some more details of petroleum courses in Islamabad are as under.

The following outline gives the sequence of steps to betaken and the key points to be noted at each step. . Isolate the tank to be checked.. Use face mask and fresh air bottles if H2S hazard exists.

 Ground your body to stair railing or tank shell before reaching the top. This prevents static electrical discharge in a hazardous area. . Stand to the side of the hatch when opening to permit wind to blow gas away from face.. Measure temperature. Suspend thermometer in oil tank. Thermometer should be 12 in. or more from tank shell and must be immersed in oil for 5 minutes.

Use an ASTM-approved, wood-back or corrosion resistant metal cup case. If atmospheric temperature differs by more than 20°F from that of the liquid in the tank, the cup case should be given at least two preliminary immersions. Empty the cup case after each  immersion. Rapidly withdraw the thermometer and read and record the temperature to the nearest 1°F. Note: The number of temperature measurements varies with the depth of the liquid. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.

Removal of Acid Gases

The presence of acid gases, H2 S and/or C02, in natural gas is undesirable from many standpoints. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.  Perhaps the principal objection is the corrosion that results when free water is present. For this reason the H 2s and CO1 normally are removed at the wellhead or relatively close to it. There are a number of systems that can be used for removal of acid gases.

Sweetening by Ethanolamines. Perhaps the most widely used type of acid-gas-removal system involves the use of an ethanolamine. A simplified flow diagram of a typical ethanolamine-type desulfurization unit is In this process a solution of water and ethanolamine that may vary from about 15 to 60 wt% ethanolamine is used for removing HzS and CO? from the incoming gas stream. The process is based on the principle that the acid gases, HzS and CO2, will react with the ethanolamine at ordinary temperatures. The reaction can be reversed by reducing the pressure and heating the solution. The sour gas passes up through the contactor and the lean ethanolamine solution passes downward. The foul solution is discharged from the bottom of the contactor and flows through a heat exchanger before it discharges into the top of the still or regenerator column. The ethanolamine solution is boiled by application of heat in the rebuilder This boiling action supplies vapors, primarily steam, that pass up through the still column sweeping the H2S and CO;? from the ethanolamine solution. Some more details of petroleum courses in Islamabad are as under.

The regenerated ethanolamine leaves the recoiled  and passes through the amine-to-amine heat exchanger into a storage tank from which it is recalculated to the contactor with the amine pump. The H2 S and CO? leaving the top of the still column have a large volume of steam with them. To keep down the quantity of makeup water required and to minimize ethanolamine losses the overhead product usually is cooled. The water condensed in this cooling is returned to the regenerator as reflux. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.

Dehydration by Adsorption.

Water vapor also can be removed from natural gas by use of a solid desiccant as an adsorption medium. The adsorption process is a very complex phenomenon involving transfer of the component adsorbed from the gas phase to contact with the solid. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.

For this reason the most effective adsorbents have extremely large surface areas per unit of mass. This means that their surface is honeycombed with capillaries that serve to provide the necessary surface area. A flow sheet of a typical dry desiccant dehydration unit is shown in Fig. 14.22. There must be at least two desiccant beds for continuous operation because adsorption is a batch process. The main gas stream flows through an inlet separator where all free liquids are removed. Any liquids can be harmful to the dehydration process. Free water will reduce the capacity of the unit if not removed.

Hydrocarbons can poison the bed if not properly regenerated. The main gas stream then flows through a pressure-reducing valve that controls the flow of the regeneration gas by inducing a pressure drop in the main gas stream. The gas then flows through one of the two adsorption towers where it contacts the desiccant and the water vapors are removed. The main gas stream flows to the sales gas line through a gas-to-gas heat exchanger where heat is removed from the regeneration gas. Some more details of petroleum courses in Islamabad are as under.

The second adsorption tower is regenerated while the other tower adsorbs water vapor from the main gas stream. Regeneration gas (approximately 10 to 15% of the total gas flow) is taken from the main gas stream upstream of the pressure reducing valve and passed through a heater where the temperature is raised to approximately 450°F. The hot gas then passes through the desiccant bed.

The water adsorbed through the bed is vaporized and swept out of the bed by the regeneration gas. The hot, wet regeneration gas passes through the gas-to-gas exchanger where it is cooled by the main gas stream. The water condensed from the gas is separated in the regeneration gas scrubber. The regeneration gas flows into the main gas stream downstream of the pressure-reducing valve. Because of the regeneration gas flow, the pressure drop through a solid desiccant dehydration unit will be higher than for a TEG unit and will be approximately 25 psi for the system. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.