Offshore Operations

Offshore petroleum operations emerged in the 20th century and brought new dimensions of challenge and excitement to oil exploration and production. When a structure taller than a lOO-story building is launched from a barge, or when a small city is built and placed offshore in 2 years, those involved deserve their feelings of pride and accomplishment. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.

In nearly every corner of the globe, thousands of offshore installations with payloads from 5 to 50,000 tons are producing gas and oil today in water depths from 10 to 1,000 ft. Although subjected to winds and waves up to hurricane intensity, earthquakes, sheet ice, severe tides and currents, or shifting foundations, surprisingly few structures have succumbed to the environment despite the difficulty in predicting environmental forces, equipment failure, or reservoir behavior.

This chapter can only scratch the surface of offshore operations; detailed procedures for design and construction of structures, equipment, and facilities would require volumes. Furthermore, such volumes would be obsolete before they were published. Because there is no concise reference or set of references, this chapter describes the fundamentals of standard practice in several disciplines and offers guidance for the selection of appropriate offshore codes of practice and technical references. Some more details of petroleum courses in islamabad  are as under.

The industry has constructed 26 sand and gravel islands for exploratory drilling in water depths to 100 ft. Several caisson-retaining systems have been implemented to speed construction and to reduce the fill requirements for the islands. Beyond 100 ft, drillships have been used, but they operate only during the ice-free summer, a floating conical drilling unit was deployed in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. The unit is capable of resisting early winter ice loads, hence extending the drilling season to 6 months a year.

At the current time, at least four major Arctic marine projects are in the planning phases: the Arctic Pilot Project in the Canadian Arctic Islands, the Arctic Marine Hydrocarbon Production Project in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, the Endicott Development nearshore U.S. Beaufort Sea, and the Hibernia Development off the east coast of Canada. Permanent production platforms, subsea pipelines, icebreaking tankers, supply vessels, and evacuation systems are a few of the facilities being developed. In summary, though the offshore industry has come a long way since the wooden pier days of Summerland, the technological requirements have barely been addressed. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.