Expansion Systems Turbine

The turbine expansion low-temperature liquid recovery system differs from the choke or valve expansion in that the turbine turns a shaft from which work is extracted. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.  A typical turbo-expander process is The gas enters through an inlet separator with any liquid separated at this point being introduced to a low point in the stabilizer tower. The gas then goes through heat exchange with the cold gas leaving the stabilizer. Another separator is installed if sufficient liquid is formed in the gas-to-gas exchanger with the liquid being introduced at an intermediate point in the stabilizer. The cold gas then flows to the expander where the pressure is reduced and low temperature achieved. The gas and liquid mixture  leaves the expander and flows to the separator that normally is on top of the stabilizer column. Sales gas flows back through the exchanger and may be compressed in the direct-connected centrifugal compressor before being put into the sales gas line. Since extremely low temperatures are reached in a typical turbo-expander plant, dehydration normally is a first step though some plants do use alcohol injection. Some more details of petroleum courses in Islamabad are as under.

The gas frequently is expanded below sales gas pressure and then recompressed to make use of the work that must be extracted from the shaft of the turbine. The stabilizer is either a demethanizer or deethanizer with the mixed hydrocarbon product being sold.

A fairly recent development in gas processing, the turbo-expander process is one of great simplicity and ease of operation. The favorable operating characteristics allow the plant to run unattended through long periods and its simplicity and relatively low investment cost make it an attractive option. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join oil field after petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.

Offshore Drilling

The Introduction brought us quickly from the very early days of the oil industry to today’s jack up drilling units, semisubmersibles, and drill ships. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.   This section will discuss the planning, preparation, and equipment necessary to conduct a typical floating drilling operation . Focus will be primarily on floating drilling because operations from jackups, submersibles, and platforms generally follow land drilling practices. The last portion of the section will be devoted to special considerations, such as deep water and high-current drilling and considerations  for cold and hostile environmental conditions. For a general discussion of the technology of offshore drilling, completion, and production.

The culmination of the sometimes arduous and complex task of geologic evaluation of a potential offshore play is for the exploration geologist to put a finger on the map and say “drill here.” This decision sets in motion a series of actions that will eventually lead to the drilling of an offshore well.

The first major step is to select a rig to drill the well. Because all rigs have specific operating criteria and limits, however, certain data must be known about the drillsite and surrounding area. Basic rig selection criteria consist  of water depth, expected environmental conditions during the forecasted drilling period (wind, waves, current profile, and climatological conditions), distance from nearest dock facility, and availability of consumable supplies (such as drilling mud, cement, pipe, rental tools, and spare parts). Some more details of petroleum courses in islamabad are as under.

Water Depth. A rough idea of the water depth is an important criterion for rig selection. If the water depth does not exceed approximately 350 ft, any of the three ma.jor rig types can be considered. Jackups can handle a water depth range from their shallow draft limit of 20 to 30 ft to a maximum depth of 350 ft. The maximum depth limitation is a function of other environmental constraints, such as wind, wave, and current conditions at the site. Severe conditions tend to lower the jackup rig’s maximum water-depth capacity. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join oil field after petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.

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Crude Oil Emulsions

Much of the oil produced worldwide is accompanied by water in an emulsion that requires treating. Even in those fields where there is essentially no initial water production. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad. water cuts may increase in time to the point where it is necessary to treat the emulsion. Water content of the untreated oil may vary from a fraction of I % to over 90%. To prevent increased transportation costs, water treatment and disposal costs, and deterioration of equipment, purchasers of crude oil limit the basic sediment and water (BSSCW) content of the oil they purchase. Limits vary depending on local conditions, practices. and contractual agreements and typically range from 0.2 to 3.0%. BY&W is usually predominantly water but may contain solids.

The solids contained in the BS&W come from the producing formation and consist of sand. silt, mud, scale. And precipitates of dissolved solids. These troublesome solids vary widely from producing field to field. zone to zone, and well to well.

Purchasers may also limit the salt content of the oil. Removing water from the stream decreases the salt content. Salt content along with BS&W are the two important crude purchasing requirements. Some more details of petroleum courses in Islamabad are as under.

An emulsion is a heterogeneous liquid system consisting of two immiscible liquids with one of the liquids intimately dispersed in the form of droplets in the second liquid. An emulsion is distinguished from a simple dispersion of one liquid in another by the fact that, in an emulsion, the probability of coalescence of droplets on contact with one another is greatly reduced because of the presence of an emulsifier, which inhibits coalescence. Such inhibition is not present in a dispersion.

The stability of the emulsion is controlled by the type and amount of surface-active agents and/or finely divided solids. which commonly act as emulsifying agents or emulsifiers. As shown in Fig. 19.1, these emulsifying agents form interfacial films around the droplets of the dispersed phase and create a barrier that slows down or prevents coalescence of the droplets.

The matrix of an emulsion is called the external or continuous phase. The portion of the emulsion that is in the form of small droplets is called the internal, dispersed, or discontinuous phase. The emulsions considered in this chapter consist of crude oil and water or brine produced with it. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.

Economic Prosperity Due to Petroleum

The world has by and large seen many important revolutions that have changed the history of mankind. Indeed the greatest of the revolutions has been possible due to the groundbreaking discoveries that mankind has achieved and their continuous search for breakthroughs. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.  The industries world wide have grown thanks to the industrial revolution that swept the world centuries back.

In the same way the space revolution started with the Russian's and the American's adventures in space and on the moon. It is to be noted that, many revolutions have been in reality been fuelled due to the mankind's constant search for economic prosperity and stability. For this very reason the scientific community across the world has taken very giant strides when it comes to making scientific discoveries, that help mankind in their day today activities. In a similar way the discovery of the Petroleum has resulted in a very big revolution for the world wide economy. Some more details of petroleum courses in Islamabad are as under.

Petroleum has become a commodity that has indeed changed the way humans lead their lives by contributing to a multitude of products in the form of by products that has been derived from this magical commodity. The petroleum has thus gained international status as the fossil fuel that can very well make or break a country's economy. As a result of this the countries all across the world have been in constant search for finding out the petroleum reserves within their very boundaries.

This trend of petroleum exploration worldwide has been much due to the economic prosperity that is being enjoyed by most of the countries which possess this golden commodity. Though in the past most of the countries used to import this precious fossil fuel, the prices for this fuel has skyrocketed due to its increasing demand in the international market. It is due to this reason that most of the countries worldwide are now doing petroleum exploration to drill out this fossil fuel from the natural reserves that they possess. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.

The Basic Features and Considerations of Scaffolding

Scaffolding is one of the most prominent components that form part of any industrial or construction project. Irrespective of the scale of the project, scaffolding happens to be an essential structure that is erected for a variety of different purposes during the development process. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Islamabad.

In its essence, scaffolding is a rudimentary structure which can be used for many different purposes. It can be seen erected during repair and maintenance work especially in large and elevated structures. This is why it is extremely important to develop a comprehensive understanding of scaffolding. In order to ensure that you set up an appropriate structure, whether rented or purchased, for your construction project, you need to have a good understanding and in-depth knowledge about scaffolding. Some more details of petroleum courses in Islamabad are as under.

At the same time it is extremely important to take the various safety precautions into consideration when looking to make use of such a structure. As it is the construction industry is prone to mishaps and accidents related to the improper use of scaffolding structures and the downright failure to follow the required safety procedures.

Scaffolding erectors construct the structure out of wood or steel. Following the development of the framework a construction platform has to be placed at different elevations along the structure. This allows workers to access the strategic points easily in order to conduct the required work at a specific place.

Such a scaffolding structure is characterized by flat ends and the work courses which are necessary to construct in order to enhance support for the structure. This helps to provide stability to the worker's platform.

It is important to understand that even the independent scaffolding structure needs to be tied to the working site at different levels so that it remains stable throughout its height. The mobile scaffolding structures are distinctively different with respects to the fact that they are totally freestanding. They can be mounted on wheels or casters and moved from one location to another. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Rawalpindi.