Preventing Evaporation and Gravity Losses

Much can be done by the producer to prevent undue losses of crude oil by evaporation. Products should be introduced into storage as cool as possible and kept that way. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Rawalpindi. Some types of heat-exchange equipment should be employed between an emulsion treated, or other heating equipment, and the tanks to cool the oil before it enters storage. If fluid heat exchangers are used, a preventive maintenance program should be employed to guard against buildup of scale. paraffin. salt. etc.. which are common to many pro diced fluids. Most modern tank batteries are equipped with lease automatic custody-transfer (LACT) units. The  run tank should be of sufficient size to allow approximately I2 hours’ settling time. Where batteries are equipped with storage for bad oil. this storage should be kept to a minimum and the battery treating capacity should be capable of treating a certain amount of bad oil. Some more details of petroleum courses in rawalpindi are as under.

Steel tanks should be painted with a reflective or white paint. Tests show the vapor-space temperature of a tank painted with aluminum paint to average 4%“F above atmospheric temperature. while a red-painted tank averaged 14°F above atmospheric temperature. Tanks should be selected with smaller diameters. Greater heights. and smaller capacities, all other considerations being equal. These factors will allow the stored product to have relatively smaller surface areas and vapor spaces as well as a shorter length of storage time before being sold.

Down comer pipes prevent undue agitation in the tank. They are usually made by installing a line inside the tank from the inlet connection in the tank deck to 1 ft above the tank bottom. The down comer must have a vacuum breaker hole at the top to allow gas to escape and thereby prevent agitation, splashing, and accumulation of static electricity. All tank openings should be maintained closed and pressure on the tank should be as high as practical (at least r/z in. of water column). Tanks in a battery all should be connected together into a common vent line to keep breathing and filling losses to a minimum. Bypass thief hatches are manufactured that will do much to prevent evaporation losses when a tank is gauged through the thief hatch. These special hatches have the tank-battery vent lines connected to them and will close off or isolate all other tanks except the one being gauged. This allows all other tanks in the battery to maintain their pressure while the tank being gauged is depressed The producer may install one of several types of ground level gauging and sampling devices available that will permit gauging and sampling without opening the tank. The tank remaining closed goes far toward eliminating evaporation losses. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Islamabad.